NestJS企业级后端开发技能Skill nestjs

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名称: nestjs 描述: NestJS架构，包括模块、依赖注入、守卫、拦截器和微服务模式。 允许工具: 读取、写入、编辑、Bash、Glob、Grep

NestJS 技能

为使用 NestJS 构建企业级 Node.js 应用程序提供专家级协助。

能力

• 设计模块化的 NestJS 应用程序
• 实现依赖注入模式
• 创建守卫、管道和拦截器
• 构建微服务架构
• 配置 Swagger/OpenAPI 文档
• 使用 Jest 设置测试

用法

在需要时调用此技能：

• 构建企业级 API
• 实现微服务
• 创建模块化架构
• 添加身份验证/授权
• 生成 API 文档

输入

参数	类型	是否必需	描述
模块名称	字符串	是	模块名称
功能	数组	否	守卫、管道、拦截器
数据库	字符串	否	prisma, typeorm, mongoose
微服务	布尔值	否	启用微服务

架构模式

模块结构

// src/users/users.module.ts
import { Module } from '@nestjs/common';
import { UsersController } from './users.controller';
import { UsersService } from './users.service';
import { PrismaModule } from '../prisma/prisma.module';

@Module({
  imports: [PrismaModule],
  controllers: [UsersController],
  providers: [UsersService],
  exports: [UsersService],
})
export class UsersModule {}

控制器与 DTO

// src/users/users.controller.ts
import {
  Controller,
  Get,
  Post,
  Put,
  Delete,
  Body,
  Param,
  Query,
  UseGuards,
  HttpCode,
  HttpStatus,
} from '@nestjs/common';
import { ApiTags, ApiOperation, ApiBearerAuth, ApiResponse } from '@nestjs/swagger';
import { UsersService } from './users.service';
import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
import { UpdateUserDto } from './dto/update-user.dto';
import { UserResponseDto } from './dto/user-response.dto';
import { PaginationDto } from '../common/dto/pagination.dto';
import { JwtAuthGuard } from '../auth/guards/jwt-auth.guard';
import { RolesGuard } from '../auth/guards/roles.guard';
import { Roles } from '../auth/decorators/roles.decorator';
import { CurrentUser } from '../auth/decorators/current-user.decorator';

@ApiTags('users')
@Controller('users')
@UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard, RolesGuard)
@ApiBearerAuth()
export class UsersController {
  constructor(private readonly usersService: UsersService) {}

  @Get()
  @ApiOperation({ summary: '获取所有用户' })
  @ApiResponse({ status: 200, type: [UserResponseDto] })
  findAll(@Query() pagination: PaginationDto) {
    return this.usersService.findAll(pagination);
  }

  @Get(':id')
  @ApiOperation({ summary: '根据ID获取用户' })
  @ApiResponse({ status: 200, type: UserResponseDto })
  findOne(@Param('id') id: string) {
    return this.usersService.findById(id);
  }

  @Post()
  @Roles('admin')
  @ApiOperation({ summary: '创建用户' })
  @ApiResponse({ status: 201, type: UserResponseDto })
  create(@Body() createUserDto: CreateUserDto) {
    return this.usersService.create(createUserDto);
  }

  @Put(':id')
  @ApiOperation({ summary: '更新用户' })
  update(@Param('id') id: string, @Body() updateUserDto: UpdateUserDto) {
    return this.usersService.update(id, updateUserDto);
  }

  @Delete(':id')
  @Roles('admin')
  @HttpCode(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT)
  @ApiOperation({ summary: '删除用户' })
  remove(@Param('id') id: string) {
    return this.usersService.delete(id);
  }
}

// src/users/dto/create-user.dto.ts
import { IsEmail, IsString, MinLength, IsOptional, IsEnum } from 'class-validator';
import { ApiProperty } from '@nestjs/swagger';

export class CreateUserDto {
  @ApiProperty({ example: 'John Doe' })
  @IsString()
  name: string;

  @ApiProperty({ example: 'john@example.com' })
  @IsEmail()
  email: string;

  @ApiProperty({ minLength: 8 })
  @IsString()
  @MinLength(8)
  password: string;

  @ApiProperty({ required: false, enum: ['user', 'admin'] })
  @IsOptional()
  @IsEnum(['user', 'admin'])
  role?: string;
}

服务与依赖注入

// src/users/users.service.ts
import { Injectable, NotFoundException, ConflictException } from '@nestjs/common';
import { PrismaService } from '../prisma/prisma.service';
import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
import { UpdateUserDto } from './dto/update-user.dto';
import { PaginationDto } from '../common/dto/pagination.dto';
import * as bcrypt from 'bcryptjs';

@Injectable()
export class UsersService {
  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaService) {}

  async findAll(pagination: PaginationDto) {
    const { page = 1, limit = 10, search } = pagination;
    const skip = (page - 1) * limit;

    const [users, total] = await Promise.all([
      this.prisma.user.findMany({
        where: search ? { name: { contains: search, mode: 'insensitive' } } : undefined,
        skip,
        take: limit,
        select: {
          id: true,
          name: true,
          email: true,
          role: true,
          createdAt: true,
        },
      }),
      this.prisma.user.count({
        where: search ? { name: { contains: search, mode: 'insensitive' } } : undefined,
      }),
    ]);

    return {
      data: users,
      meta: {
        total,
        page,
        limit,
        totalPages: Math.ceil(total / limit),
      },
    };
  }

  async findById(id: string) {
    const user = await this.prisma.user.findUnique({
      where: { id },
      select: {
        id: true,
        name: true,
        email: true,
        role: true,
        createdAt: true,
      },
    });

    if (!user) {
      throw new NotFoundException(`未找到ID为 ${id} 的用户`);
    }

    return user;
  }

  async create(dto: CreateUserDto) {
    const existing = await this.prisma.user.findUnique({
      where: { email: dto.email },
    });

    if (existing) {
      throw new ConflictException('邮箱已被使用');
    }

    const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(dto.password, 10);

    return this.prisma.user.create({
      data: {
        ...dto,
        password: hashedPassword,
      },
      select: {
        id: true,
        name: true,
        email: true,
        role: true,
        createdAt: true,
      },
    });
  }

  async update(id: string, dto: UpdateUserDto) {
    await this.findById(id);

    if (dto.password) {
      dto.password = await bcrypt.hash(dto.password, 10);
    }

    return this.prisma.user.update({
      where: { id },
      data: dto,
      select: {
        id: true,
        name: true,
        email: true,
        role: true,
        createdAt: true,
      },
    });
  }

  async delete(id: string) {
    await this.findById(id);
    await this.prisma.user.delete({ where: { id } });
  }
}

守卫与装饰器

// src/auth/guards/jwt-auth.guard.ts
import { Injectable, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
import { AuthGuard } from '@nestjs/passport';
import { Reflector } from '@nestjs/core';
import { IS_PUBLIC_KEY } from '../decorators/public.decorator';

@Injectable()
export class JwtAuthGuard extends AuthGuard('jwt') {
  constructor(private reflector: Reflector) {
    super();
  }

  canActivate(context: ExecutionContext) {
    const isPublic = this.reflector.getAllAndOverride<boolean>(IS_PUBLIC_KEY, [
      context.getHandler(),
      context.getClass(),
    ]);

    if (isPublic) {
      return true;
    }

    return super.canActivate(context);
  }
}

// src/auth/guards/roles.guard.ts
import { Injectable, CanActivate, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Reflector } from '@nestjs/core';
import { ROLES_KEY } from '../decorators/roles.decorator';

@Injectable()
export class RolesGuard implements CanActivate {
  constructor(private reflector: Reflector) {}

  canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): boolean {
    const requiredRoles = this.reflector.getAllAndOverride<string[]>(ROLES_KEY, [
      context.getHandler(),
      context.getClass(),
    ]);

    if (!requiredRoles) {
      return true;
    }

    const { user } = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
    return requiredRoles.includes(user.role);
  }
}

// src/auth/decorators/roles.decorator.ts
import { SetMetadata } from '@nestjs/common';
export const ROLES_KEY = 'roles';
export const Roles = (...roles: string[]) => SetMetadata(ROLES_KEY, roles);

// src/auth/decorators/current-user.decorator.ts
import { createParamDecorator, ExecutionContext } from '@nestjs/common';

export const CurrentUser = createParamDecorator(
  (data: unknown, ctx: ExecutionContext) => {
    const request = ctx.switchToHttp().getRequest();
    return request.user;
  },
);

拦截器

// src/common/interceptors/transform.interceptor.ts
import {
  Injectable,
  NestInterceptor,
  ExecutionContext,
  CallHandler,
} from '@nestjs/common';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
import { map } from 'rxjs/operators';

export interface Response<T> {
  data: T;
  meta?: Record<string, any>;
}

@Injectable()
export class TransformInterceptor<T> implements NestInterceptor<T, Response<T>> {
  intercept(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler): Observable<Response<T>> {
    return next.handle().pipe(
      map((data) => {
        if (data?.data && data?.meta) {
          return data;
        }
        return { data };
      }),
    );
  }
}

最佳实践

• 使用模块进行功能封装
• 利用依赖注入
• 实现 DTO 进行验证
• 使用守卫进行授权
• 生成 OpenAPI 文档

目标流程

• 企业级API开发
• 微服务架构
• 后端开发
• nestjs应用程序