容器编排技能Skill container-orchestration

---

name: container-orchestration description: “Docker和Kubernetes模式。触发词：Dockerfile、docker-compose、kubernetes、k8s、helm、pod、deployment、service、ingress、container、image。” compatibility: “Docker 20+, Kubernetes 1.25+, Helm 3+” allowed-tools: “Read Write Bash”

容器编排

适用于容器化应用的Docker和Kubernetes模式。

Dockerfile最佳实践

# 使用特定版本，而非:latest
FROM python:3.11-slim AS builder

# 设置工作目录
WORKDIR /app

# 先复制依赖文件（更好的缓存）
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

# 复制应用代码
COPY src/ ./src/

# 生产阶段（多阶段构建）
FROM python:3.11-slim

WORKDIR /app

# 创建非root用户
RUN useradd --create-home appuser
USER appuser

# 从构建阶段复制
COPY --from=builder /app /app

# 设置环境变量
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1

# 健康检查
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s \
  CMD curl -f http://localhost:8000/health || exit 1

EXPOSE 8000
CMD ["python", "-m", "uvicorn", "src.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0"]

Dockerfile规则

应该做：
- 使用特定的基础镜像版本
- 使用多阶段构建
- 以非root用户运行
- 按变更频率排序命令
- 使用.dockerignore文件
- 添加健康检查

不应该做：
- 使用:latest标签
- 以root身份运行
- 复制不必要的文件
- 在镜像中存储密钥
- 在生产环境中安装开发依赖

Docker Compose

# docker-compose.yml
version: "3.9"

services:
  app:
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: Dockerfile
    ports:
      - "8000:8000"
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://user:pass@db:5432/app
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:8000/health"]
      interval: 30s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 3

  db:
    image: postgres:15-alpine
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    environment:
      POSTGRES_USER: user
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: pass
      POSTGRES_DB: app
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U user -d app"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

volumes:
  postgres_data:

Kubernetes基础

部署（Deployment）

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: app
  labels:
    app: myapp
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: myapp
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: app
        image: myapp:1.0.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8000
        resources:
          requests:
            memory: "128Mi"
            cpu: "100m"
          limits:
            memory: "256Mi"
            cpu: "500m"
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 8000
          initialDelaySeconds: 10
          periodSeconds: 30
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /ready
            port: 8000
          initialDelaySeconds: 5
          periodSeconds: 10
        env:
        - name: DATABASE_URL
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: app-secrets
              key: database-url

服务（Service）

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: app-service
spec:
  selector:
    app: myapp
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 8000
  type: ClusterIP

入口（Ingress）

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: app-ingress
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  rules:
  - host: app.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: app-service
            port:
              number: 80

kubectl快速参考

命令	描述
kubectl get pods	列出Pod
kubectl logs <pod>	查看日志
kubectl exec -it <pod> -- sh	进入Pod的Shell
kubectl apply -f manifest.yaml	应用配置
kubectl rollout restart deployment/app	重启部署
kubectl rollout status deployment/app	检查滚动更新状态
kubectl describe pod <pod>	调试Pod
kubectl port-forward svc/app 8080:80	本地端口转发

附加资源

• ./references/dockerfile-patterns.md - 高级Dockerfile技术
• ./references/k8s-manifests.md - 完整的Kubernetes清单示例
• ./references/helm-patterns.md - Helm图表结构和值配置

脚本

• ./scripts/build-push.sh - 构建并推送Docker镜像

资源文件

• ./assets/Dockerfile.template - 生产环境Dockerfile模板
• ./assets/docker-compose.template.yml - Compose启动模板