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端到端测试模式 e2e-testing

本技能是关于使用Playwright进行端到端（E2E）测试的完整指南。它涵盖了测试文件组织、页面对象模型（POM）、测试结构、Playwright配置、CI/CD集成、工件管理以及处理不稳定测试的策略。适用于前端开发、测试工程师和DevOps人员，旨在构建稳定、快速且可维护的自动化测试套件。关键词：Playwright，E2E测试，自动化测试，页面对象模型，CI/CD，测试报告，Web3测试，金融测试。

测试 0 次安装 0 次浏览 更新于 2/27/2026

name: e2e-testing description: Playwright E2E测试模式、页面对象模型、配置、CI/CD集成、工件管理和不稳定测试策略。

E2E测试模式

用于构建稳定、快速且可维护的E2E测试套件的全面Playwright模式。

测试文件组织

tests/
├── e2e/
│   ├── auth/
│   │   ├── login.spec.ts
│   │   ├── logout.spec.ts
│   │   └── register.spec.ts
│   ├── features/
│   │   ├── browse.spec.ts
│   │   ├── search.spec.ts
│   │   └── create.spec.ts
│   └── api/
│       └── endpoints.spec.ts
├── fixtures/
│   ├── auth.ts
│   └── data.ts
└── playwright.config.ts

页面对象模型（POM）

import { Page, Locator } from '@playwright/test'

export class ItemsPage {
  readonly page: Page
  readonly searchInput: Locator
  readonly itemCards: Locator
  readonly createButton: Locator

  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page
    this.searchInput = page.locator('[data-testid="search-input"]')
    this.itemCards = page.locator('[data-testid="item-card"]')
    this.createButton = page.locator('[data-testid="create-btn"]')
  }

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto('/items')
    await this.page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
  }

  async search(query: string) {
    await this.searchInput.fill(query)
    await this.page.waitForResponse(resp => resp.url().includes('/api/search'))
    await this.page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
  }

  async getItemCount() {
    return await this.itemCards.count()
  }
}

测试结构

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'
import { ItemsPage } from '../../pages/ItemsPage'

test.describe('项目搜索', () => {
  let itemsPage: ItemsPage

  test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
    itemsPage = new ItemsPage(page)
    await itemsPage.goto()
  })

  test('应按关键词搜索', async ({ page }) => {
    await itemsPage.search('test')

    const count = await itemsPage.getItemCount()
    expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0)

    await expect(itemsPage.itemCards.first()).toContainText(/test/i)
    await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/search-results.png' })
  })

  test('应处理无结果的情况', async ({ page }) => {
    await itemsPage.search('xyznonexistent123')

    await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="no-results"]')).toBeVisible()
    expect(await itemsPage.getItemCount()).toBe(0)
  })
})

Playwright配置

import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test'

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './tests/e2e',
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: [
    ['html', { outputFolder: 'playwright-report' }],
    ['junit', { outputFile: 'playwright-results.xml' }],
    ['json', { outputFile: 'playwright-results.json' }]
  ],
  use: {
    baseURL: process.env.BASE_URL || 'http://localhost:3000',
    trace: 'on-first-retry',
    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
    video: 'retain-on-failure',
    actionTimeout: 10000,
    navigationTimeout: 30000,
  },
  projects: [
    { name: 'chromium', use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] } },
    { name: 'firefox', use: { ...devices['Desktop Firefox'] } },
    { name: 'webkit', use: { ...devices['Desktop Safari'] } },
    { name: 'mobile-chrome', use: { ...devices['Pixel 5'] } },
  ],
  webServer: {
    command: 'npm run dev',
    url: 'http://localhost:3000',
    reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
    timeout: 120000,
  },
})

不稳定测试模式

隔离

test('不稳定：复杂搜索', async ({ page }) => {
  test.fixme(true, '不稳定 - 问题 #123')
  // 测试代码...
})

test('条件性跳过', async ({ page }) => {
  test.skip(process.env.CI, '在CI中不稳定 - 问题 #123')
  // 测试代码...
})

识别不稳定性

npx playwright test tests/search.spec.ts --repeat-each=10
npx playwright test tests/search.spec.ts --retries=3

常见原因及修复

竞态条件：

// 错误：假设元素已就绪
await page.click('[data-testid="button"]')

// 正确：自动等待定位器
await page.locator('[data-testid="button"]').click()

网络时序：

// 错误：任意超时
await page.waitForTimeout(5000)

// 正确：等待特定条件
await page.waitForResponse(resp => resp.url().includes('/api/data'))

动画时序：

// 错误：在动画期间点击
await page.click('[data-testid="menu-item"]')

// 正确：等待稳定
await page.locator('[data-testid="menu-item"]').waitFor({ state: 'visible' })
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
await page.locator('[data-testid="menu-item"]').click()

工件管理

截图

await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/after-login.png' })
await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/full-page.png', fullPage: true })
await page.locator('[data-testid="chart"]').screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/chart.png' })

跟踪

await browser.startTracing(page, {
  path: 'artifacts/trace.json',
  screenshots: true,
  snapshots: true,
})
// ... 测试操作 ...
await browser.stopTracing()

视频

// 在 playwright.config.ts 中
use: {
  video: 'retain-on-failure',
  videosPath: 'artifacts/videos/'
}

CI/CD集成

# .github/workflows/e2e.yml
name: E2E测试
on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npx playwright install --with-deps
      - run: npx playwright test
        env:
          BASE_URL: ${{ vars.STAGING_URL }}
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        if: always()
        with:
          name: playwright-report
          path: playwright-report/
          retention-days: 30

测试报告模板

# E2E测试报告

**日期：** YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM
**持续时间：** Xm Ys
**状态：** 通过 / 失败

## 摘要
- 总计：X | 通过：Y (Z%) | 失败：A | 不稳定：B | 跳过：C

## 失败测试

### 测试名称
**文件：** `tests/e2e/feature.spec.ts:45`
**错误：** 期望元素可见
**截图：** artifacts/failed.png
**推荐修复：** [描述]

## 工件
- HTML报告：playwright-report/index.html
- 截图：artifacts/*.png
- 视频：artifacts/videos/*.webm
- 跟踪：artifacts/*.zip

钱包 / Web3测试

test('钱包连接', async ({ page, context }) => {
  // 模拟钱包提供者
  await context.addInitScript(() => {
    window.ethereum = {
      isMetaMask: true,
      request: async ({ method }) => {
        if (method === 'eth_requestAccounts')
          return ['0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890']
        if (method === 'eth_chainId') return '0x1'
      }
    }
  })

  await page.goto('/')
  await page.locator('[data-testid="connect-wallet"]').click()
  await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="wallet-address"]')).toContainText('0x1234')
})

金融 / 关键流程测试

test('交易执行', async ({ page }) => {
  // 在生产环境跳过 — 真实资金
  test.skip(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production', '在生产环境跳过')

  await page.goto('/markets/test-market')
  await page.locator('[data-testid="position-yes"]').click()
  await page.locator('[data-testid="trade-amount"]').fill('1.0')

  // 验证预览
  const preview = page.locator('[data-testid="trade-preview"]')
  await expect(preview).toContainText('1.0')

  // 确认并等待区块链
  await page.locator('[data-testid="confirm-trade"]').click()
  await page.waitForResponse(
    resp => resp.url().includes('/api/trade') && resp.status() === 200,
    { timeout: 30000 }
  )

  await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="trade-success"]')).toBeVisible()
})